Appendix 1. CCIM
curriculum for BAMS degree program in AMI
CENTRAL COUNCIL OF INDIAN
MEDICINE, STATUTARY BODY UNDER GOVERNMENT OF
MINIMUM STANDARD OF
EDUCATION IN INDIAN MEDICINE FOR AYURVEDACHARYA (BAMS)(Minimum Standards of Education in Indian Medicine) Regulations, 1986 ,
13.1 NUMBER OF LECTURES
PRACTICAL AND EMONSTRATIONS FOR VARIOUS SUBJECTS:MMINIMUM STANDARD
OF EDUCATION IN INDIAN MEDCINE FOR AYURVEDACHARYA
NOTE: The period of theory and practical
shall not be less than 60 minutes (one hour) duration. The duration of the
practical of clinical subjects and Rachna Sharir (Dissection) shall be of at
least 120 minutes (Two hours).
NUMBER OF
LECTURES PRACTICAL AND DEMONSTRATIONS FOR VARIOUS SUBJECTS:
|
Subject |
Lectures
(hours) |
Practical and
Demonstrations |
SUBJECTS
OF FIRST PROFESSIONAL
|
1. Ayurved Ka
Itihas (History of AMI) |
60 |
-- |
|
2. Sanskrit
(Language) |
150 |
-- |
|
3. Padarth Vigyan
(Ayu Physics) |
150 |
30 |
|
4. Astang Sangrah,
(Text) |
60 |
-- |
|
5.RachnaSharir
(Anatomy) |
210 |
210 |
|
6. Kriya Sharir
(Physiology) |
210 |
90 |
Total 780 330
|
Subjects |
Lectures |
Practical and
Demonstrations |
SUBJECTS
OF SECOND PROFESSIONAL
|
7. Swastha Vritta
(Hygiene) |
180 |
50 |
|
8. Dravyagun
Vigyan (Pharmacology) |
180 |
90 |
|
9. Ras Shastra
Bhaishajya Kalpana (Drugs of herbal, mineral, metal and animal origin) |
180 |
90 |
|
10. Agad Tantra
Vyavhar Ayurved Avam Vidhi Vaidyak (Toxicology and
Forensic Medicine) |
100 |
50 |
|
11. Rog Vigyan Avam Vikriti Vigyan (Pathology) |
180 |
90 |
|
12. Charak Samhita
(Text) |
100 |
-- |
Total 920
370
SUBJECTS OF THIRD
PROFESSIONAL:-
|
13. Prasuti Tantra
Avam Strirog ( |
150 |
In Hospital |
|
|
|
3 Months |
|
14. Kaumar
Bharitya (Pediatrics) |
90 |
1 Months |
|
15.KayaChikitsa (Medicine) |
400 |
12 Months |
|
16. Shalya Tantra (Surgery) |
210 |
6 Months |
|
17. Shalakya
Tantra (Eye, Ear, Nose and throat) |
210 |
4 Months |
|
18. Charak Samhita (Text) |
100 |
------- |
Total 1160
13.2 The clinical training
in the hospital attached with college to the students shall be as below:
(i) KAYACHIKITSA
(INDOOR AND OUTDOOR): 12 MONTHS
(a) General - 6 months
(b) Panch Karma - 2 months
(c) Manas Rog - 15 days
(d) SankramakRog - 15 days
(e) X-ray - 1 month
(f) Atyayik - 2 months
(ii) SHALYA TANTRA (INDOOR): 6 MONTHS
(a) General - 5 months (at least one month in O.T.)
(b) Atyayik - 1 months
(iii) SHALAKYA TANTRA (INDOOR & OUTDOOR) : 4 MONTHS
(a) General - 3 months (at least one month in O.T.)
(b) Atyayik -1 months
(iv) PRASUIT TANTRA AVAM STRIROG : 3 MONTHS
(v) KAUMAR BHRITYA : 1MONTH
QUALIFICATIONS AND
EXPERIENCE FOR TEACHING STAFF:
(Applicable for
recruitments made after 1st July 1989)
(i) ESSENTIAL:
(a) A
degree in Ayurved from a University established by law or a Statutory Board/
Faculty/Examining Body of Indian Medicine or its equivalent as recognized under
Indian Medicine Central Council Act, 1970.
(b) A
Post-graduate qualification in the subject/specialty concerned included in the
Schedule to Indian Medicine Central Council Act, 1970.
(c) Adequate knowledge of Sanskrit
(ii) EXPERIENCE
(a) FOR THE POST OF PROFESSOR: Total teaching
experience of ten years in the Department is necessary out of which there
should be five years teaching experience as Reader/Assistant. Professor or ten
years experience as a Lecturer in the concerned subject wherever the posts of
Reader/Assistant Professors do not
exist.
(b) FOR THE POST OF READER: Total teaching
experience of five years in the subject is necessary out of which there should
be three years teaching experience as Lecturer in the subject concerned.
(c)
FOR THE POST OF LECTURER:
No teaching experience is required.
(d) FOR THE POST OF PRINCIPAL: The
qualification and experience prescribed for the post of Professor should be
considered essential for the post of Principal.
(iii) DESIRABLE:
Original published papers/books on the Subject.
NOTE: If the post-graduate qualification holders for the following subjects
are not available, the post-graduate qualification obtained in the subject
as noted against the subject shall be admissible: -
Name of Subject Discipline
of Post-graduate
1. Swastha Vritta 1. Kaya Chikitsa 2.
Basic Principle
2.AgadTantra 1. Kaya Chikitsa
2.DravyaGun
3. Padarth Vigyan/ Samhita/Itihas Basic Principles
4. Rog Vigyan Kaya Chikitsa
5.
Rachna Sharir/Kriya Sharir
Sharir Basic Principles .
Appendix 2. AMI training centers in the US
1. Ayurveda
Institute of America,
15 month
diploma in Ayurvedic Sciences
Tel:
650-341-8400
Director: Dr.
Marc Halpern
Offers: 16
month full time diploma program (Clinical Ayurveda Specialist certification)
1/2 year part
time diploma program
Both followed
by a 6 month internship
Tel:
866-541-6699
2. Ganesha
Institute,
Directed by
Pratichi Mathur
Tel:
650-961-8316
3. Tulsi
School of Ayurveda,
Directed by
Dr. Sneha Tilak, BAMS
Ayurvedic
basics, Yoga and meditation, offers conferences and seminars
Tel:
714-279-8680
Web
site:www.tulsihealth.com
4. Ayurvedic Certification Course, Denver, CO
Director: Pat
Hansen, M.A., Colorado state certified, approved by the Ayurvedic Institute,
N.M.
Tel:
303-512-0819
5. Rocky
Mountain Institute of Yoga & Ayurveda, Boulder, CO
Director:
Sarasvati Buhrman, PhD, Boulder CO 750 hour program Yoga Therapy & Ayurveda
AyurDoula program rmiya@earthlink.net Web site: www.rmiya.org
Tel:
303-499-2910
6.
Offers
Master's degrees in yoga and Ayurveda.
Web site: www.hindu-University.edu
Tel:
407-275-0013
7.
Directed by
Dr. Light Miller
Offers
Associate, Bachelor's and Master's degrees through
Tel:
941-929-0999
8. Kripalu
School of Ayurveda,
Dean of
Curriculum:Hilary J. Garivaltis, D.Ay.Web site: www.kripalu.org
Tel:
800-848-8702 X3
Classes begin
January 2005
9. New Jersey
Institute of Ayurveda
Director:
William Courson
Chief
Instructor : Dr. Aparna Bapat
Tel: (973)
783-1036, X7
10.
Ayurveda-Yoga Institute
Directors:
Gandharva Sauls and Sarah Tomlinson Chief Ancient Ayurveda Instructor:
Gandharva Sauls Trainings and CD correspondence www.ancient-ayurveda.com gandharva@earthlink.net
11. Ayurvedic
Holistic Center,
Director:
Swami Sada Shiva Tirtha
Ayurveda-Yoga
Institute
Directors:
Gandharva Sauls and Sarah Tomlinson Chief Ancient Ayurveda Instructor:
Gandharva Sauls Trainings and CD correspondence www.ancient-ayurveda.com gandharva@earthlink.net
Tel:
800-452-1798
12.
The Ayurvedic
Institute,
Director: Dr.
Vasant Lad
Level I
Ayurvedic Studies Program
Level II
Ayurvedic Studies Program
Pune Gurukula
Program
Ayurvedic
Correspondence Course
Tel:
505-291-9698
13. American
Institute of Vedic Science,
Director: Dr.
David Frawley
Correspondence
course
Tel:
505-983-9385
14.
Director:
Vishnu Dass, NTS, LMT., C.Ayu.
Tel: (828)
713-4266
15.
Director: Swamini
Mayatitananda
Tel:
828-258-9999
16. Ojas
Ayurveda & Yoga Institute, Inc.,
Director:
Dr.(Vaidya) Shekhar Annambhotla, B.A.M.S., M.D.(Ayurveda-India), YICC, RYT-500
Web site: www.ojas.us
Tel:
484-347-6110
17. Green
Mountain Institute,
Director:
Fred Duncan, D.Ay.
New: offers a
Master's degree in Ayurvedic Science. Integrates ayurveda with modern health
sciences.
www.greenmountaininstitute.com
Tel:
802-295-6629
18.
Director: Dr.
Vivek Shanbhag
One-year
weekend program
Level I 400
hours to Certified Ayurvedic Practitioner Level II 400 hours to Advanced CAP
Master's degree in coordination with
Tel:
206-729-9999
19.
Kanyakumari Ayurveda Education & Retreat Center, Inc.
State
approved: Certified Ayurveda Educator and Practitioner Training Programs,
Panchakarma technician training. Yoga teacher training programs approved by
Yoga
Tel:
414-228-7145
20. Kripalu
School of Ayurveda
Contact:
Hilary Garivaltis
Phone: 413-448-3324
21.
113
N. Econlockhatchee Trail,
Phone: 407-275-0013 e-mail:
22. American Institute of Vedic studies
Ph: 505-983-9385
Dr. David Frawley (Pandit Vamadeva Shastri)
Founder and Director; www.vedanet.com
Appendix
3: Examples of conventional drugs banned for serious adverse health
effects
Banned drugs: 1. Redux, 2. Pondimin ,3. Rezulin ,4. Lotronex ,5. Posicor,6. Seldane ,7. Hismanal ,8. Propulsid ,9. Duract Raxar,10. Rotashield and ,11. Trovan.
There
are many more drugs that have serious side effects and may be banned in future.
Ritalin ,Bextra ,Vioxx ,Crestor , and Paxil
According
to a new study, conventional
medicine in the USA kills almost 1 million people yearly (Bolen Report 2004). An independent review revealed that in most cases,
American medicine does more harm than good. Compelling evidence from this
study unveiled astounding statistics on the 783,936 deaths per year that
have resulted from conventional medicine."
Appendix
4: Government of
As a result
many foreign countries have began looking to India for understanding Ayurveda
and incorporating it through education, research and practice to meet the
overwhelming desire of consumers to access Complementary & Alternative
Medicine. Indian Missions in
1. A delegation led by Joint Secretary, Department of Indian Systems of
Medicine & Homoeopathy and consisting of Ayurveda experts, scientists and
industry representatives presented scientific basis of Ayurveda and the
extensive research work done before a Sub Committee on Alternative Medicine set
up by the House of Lords of the U.K. Parliament resulting in to moving the
Ayurvedic single herbal medicines from category-3 to category-1. This
presentation led to dispel doubts about the efficacy validity and scientific
basis of Ayurveda which was in fact acknowledged by Lord Walton in the UK
Parliament.
2. A Seminar cum Exhibition mainly of Ayurveda was arranged in Geneva on
the occasion of the World Health Assembly with a view to sensitize the
participants of the assembly about the infrastructure, strengths, scientific
validity & basis of Ayurveda and efficacious role of Panchkarma in
treatment of chronic diseases. The event was well received and succeeded to
generate interest for Ayurveda products and literature.
3. Two seminars and a presentation of Indian Systems of Medicine &
Homoeopathy were organized in the Made in
4. Yoga experts from National Institute of Yogam,
5. An Indian team comprising Joint Secretary of the Department of Indian
Systems of Medicine & Homeopathy and Ayurveda experts from premier
institutes participated in a seminar on Indian Systems of Medicine held in
6. A five member delegation led by the Secretary of Indian Systems of
Medicine & Homeopathy visited Moscow and St. Petersburg in Russia to assess
the development made on the implementation of the MOU signed between India and
Russia for undertaking collaborative & co-operative activities in the field
of Ayurveda. A series of meetings were held during the visit with Deputy Health
Minister of Russian Federation, Academic Council of Doctors of St. Petersburg
Moscow Institute of Medico-Social Rehabilitation,
7. Secretary of the Department along with Adviser Ayurveda visited
8. An Ayurveda officer from the department of Indian Systems of Medicine
& Homeopathy participated in a W.H.O. Regional meeting on Integration of
Traditional Medicine in the National Health Systems held in November 2001 at
Appendix 5: Frequently asked questions about AMI (Adapted from the Government of India Department of Ayurveda, Ayush web
site)
Q.1 WHAT IS AYURVEDA?
AYURVEDA"
is made up of two words-Ayuh and Veda. Ayuh means life and Veda means knowledge
or science. Thus "AYURVEDA in totality means Science of life. It
incorporates all aspects of life whether physical, psychological, spiritual or
social. What is beneficial and what is harmful to life, what is happy life and
what is sorrowful life; all these four questions and life span allied issues are
elaborately and emphatically discussed in Ayurveda.
Q.2 WHAT IS THE ORIGIN OF AYURVEDA?
Ayurveda
is the ancient most total health care system. The antique Vedic texts have
scattered references of Ayurvedic Remedies and allied aspects of medicine and
health. Atharva Veda mainly deals with extensive Ayurvedic
information. That is why Ayurveda is said to be the off shoot of Atharva Veda.
Q.3 WHAT IS THE AYURVEDIC
VIEWPOINT OF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF BODY?
The
Ayurvedic scheme of life indicates that Universe as well as human body is made
up of five basic elements collectively called Panch Mahabhootas. These
are Aakash (Ether), Vayu (Air), Agni (Fire), Aapa (Water)
and Prithvi (Earth). The sixth
mandatory component of life is Atma (life
spirit) without which life ceases. The human body is made up of Doshas (Bio-humours), Dhatus (Body matrix) and Malas (excretory products). Vata, Pitta and Kapha, known as Tridoshs are
physiological entities of the body which are responsible for carrying out all
the functions of the body. Dhatus are
the structural entities of the body. These are Rasa (Plasma), Rakta
(Blood cells), Mamsa (Muscular
tissue), Meda (Fatty tissue), Asthi (Bony tissue), Majja (Bone marrow) and Shukra (Hormonal and other secretions of
genital). Agni (Metabolic fire) is in thirteen different forms and carries
out the whole metabolism of the body. The waste products of the body are
produced in the body as bye-products of metabolism. These are known as malas which include feces, Sweda (sweat) and Mutra (urine). All biotransformations within the body occur through
Srotases (body channels) which are
the sites for action of Agni.
Q.4
WHAT IS THE BASIC PHILOSOPHY OF HEALTH, DISEASE AND TREATMENT IN AYURVEDA?
As
per Ayurveda, Health is a state of equilibrium of normal functions of Doshas, Dhatus, Malas and Agni.. It
means that when Dosh-Dhatu-Malas and Agni are constantly in a state of
functional equilibrium, then health is maintained. Distortion of the equilibrium results into
disease. An erratic lifestyle is
believed to be one of the basic causes of failure in the mechanism of
equilibrium.
Treatment
either with or without drugs and application of specific rules of diet,
physical and mental activities as described brings back the state of
equilibrium..
Q.5 HOW IS DIAGNOSIS DONE IN AYURVEDA?
Diagnosis
is aimed at establishing the type of pathology and correct status of the
illness. Diagnosis is accomplished
through examination of the patient by inspection, palpation, percussion and
interrogation.
The
second type of examination is to assess the strength and physical status of the
individual so that the type of management required could be planned
accordingly. For this examination of Prakriti (Body constitution),
Q.6 WHAT ARE THE MODES OF AYURVEDIC TREATMENT?
Eight
divisions of Ayurvedic therapeutics exist:
Kayachikitsa (
The
principles of treatment are Shodhan (purification), Shaman (palliative and
conservative), Nidan parivarjan (avoidance of causative and precipitating
factors of disease) and Pathya Vyavastha (dos and donts regarding diets
lifestyle). Shodhan therapy includes Panchkarma treatment. Snehan (olation) and Swedan (getting
perspiration) are employed before Panchkarma..
Q.7 WHAT ARE THE MAIN CLASSICAL
REFERENCE BOOKS OF AYURVEDA?
The
main classical texts for reference of Ayurvedic principles comprise of Charak
Samhita, Susrut Samhita, Astang Hridaya, Sharangdhar Samhita, Madhav Nidan,
Kashyap Samhita, Bhavprakash and Bhaisajya Ratnavali etc.
Q.8 WHERE DO RAW MATERIALS FOR
MANUFACTURING AYURVEDIC MEDICINES COME FROM?
Natural
products whether plant, animal or minerals are considered appropriate sources
of raw material for Ayurvedic medicines. However 600 medicinal plant (whole or
part of it), 52 minerals and 50 animal products are commonly used.
Q.9 HOW ARE AYURVEDIC MEDICINES MARKETED?
Ayurvedic
medicines are marketed in various forms.
They are generally found as tablets, pills, powders, fermentation
products (Asva-arishta), decoctions, medicated fats (medicated dehydarated
butter called Ghrita and vegetable oils called Tela). For topical use drops, creams, lotions,
liniments and ointments are available. Dried plant extracts in capsule form are
also in used.
Q.10 IS THERE SCOPE FOR AYURVEDA
IN THE CONTEMPORARY PERIOD?
Ayurveda
has a wide scope as far as the prevention of diseases, promotion of health and
its preservation are concerned. Lifestyle rules mentioned in Ayurvedic texts if
applied rigorously give definite results. Lifestyle related diseases, such as,
drug abuse, degenerative diseases, auto immune diseases and certain metabolic
and allergic disorders are well manageable with Ayurvedic physical and
behavioral modalities and medicines.
Q.11
IS THERE ANY RATIONALE BEHIND INTEGRTING AYURVEDA AND WESTERN MEDICINE?
Because
of a multidimensional wide range of efficacy of Ayurvedic treatment, where
certain disease conditions or symptoms become refractory to conventional
treatment, a harmonized approach of these two systems of health care has proven
to be successful and fruitful. Sometimes Ayurveda produces a synergistic
activity while in other instances may antagonize or minimize the toxicity of
modern drugs.
Q.12 IS AYURVEDA RECOGNISED BY W.H.O?
About
20 years back, W.H.O. adopted Traditional Medicine program in conjunction with
the goal of health for all with the adoption of primary health care approach.
W.H.O recognizes Ayurvedic therapies which has solid scientific evidence with
no toxicity.
(i)
Number of Registered Ayurvedic Practitioners 361,881, (ii) Number of Ayurvedic
dispensaries 14,252, (iii) Number of Ayurvedic hospitals 2,189, (iv) Bed
strength 33,145, (v) Number of Ayurvedic teaching institutions(Under Graduate)
187, (vi) Number of upgraded Post Graduate Depts. in Ayurveda 51, (vii) Number of specialties in Post
Graduation 16.
Q.15 WHAT IS THE REGULATORY
MECHANISM FOR AYURVEDIC FOR EDUCATION
AND PRACTICE IN
The
Central Council of Indian Medicine is a body established under the provisions
of the IMCC Act, 1970 to maintain
Central Register of Practitioners of Indian Medicines and for dealing with
connected matters. The Council is responsible for maintaining the minimum
standards of education.
This Council introduced the following regulated degree programs.
1.
Bachelor of Ayurvedic Medicine and Surgery (BAMS), Ayurvedacharya, an Ayurveda
degree course,
2. MD Ayurveda, Vachaspati,
an Ayurveda Post Graduate Degree
Course Ayurveda
3.. Ph.D Ayurveda, Ayurveda
Varidhi
Q.16 HOW SHOULD I ACCESS AYURVEDIC MEDICINE?
Ayurveda
Medicines are being sold in two ways:1.
practicing Ayurveda doctors and 2. retail stores. Both types of sources
are available in almost all small and big towns/ cities where from required
Ayurveda medicines can be accessed.
Q.17 HOW DO I FIND A COMPETENT AYURVEDA PRACTITIONERE?
Any Ayurveda
doctor having qualifications equivalent to those mentioned in 2nd,3rd
and 4th chedules of Indian Medicine Central Council Act, 1970 will
be recognized as a medical practitioner.
BAMS and MD (Ayurveda) degrees previous and post the Central Act will
be recognized sufficient for the purpose
of registration and practice of Ayurvedic Medicine in
Q.18 HOW SAFE IS TO BUY AYURVEDIC MEDICINE OVER THE COUNTER?
Medicines are
safe if the manufacturer is licensed to import into the
Q.19 CAN
ONE TAKE AYURVEDIC MEDICINE WITH CONVENTIONAL MEDICINE
If not
indicated otherwise by the attending physician, Ayurveda Medicines can
generally be taken along with allopathic medicines. Moreover, Ayurveda
Medicines are used as adjuvant to allopathic medicines in many chronic and
degenerative diseases. As such there is no harm to consume simple herbal
formulations of Ayurveda even without the prescription of the doctor. But mineral based medicines must be used
after due consultation and advice of a licensed Ayurvedic physician.
Q.20 WHAT
ARE THE COMMON AYURVEDIC MEDICINE WHICH CAN BE USED WITHOUT CONSULTING A
PHYSICIAN?
Simple herbal
medicines like powders, pills & tablets, syrups and decoctions has been
used for the management of common ailments like cough, cold, fever, indigestion,
vomiting, diarrhea, loss of appetite, body & joint pains etc, even without
the prescription of a doctor. Similarly, herbal tonics/ health foods can also
be consumed if the same do not create any alarming discomfort or upset.
Q.21 WHEN PHARMACEUTICAL
LABORATORY OF INDIAN MEDICINE (PLIM) WAS ESTABLISHED AND WHAT ARE THE
FUNCTIONS?
Government
of
Q.22 DOES ANY PROGRAM FOR CONVERSION AND CULTIVATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS
EXIST IN THE INDIAN GOVERNMENT PLANNING?
Yes,
various programs have been launched through Central Assistance for development
and cultivation of medicinal plants. The Reproductive Child Health Program
(RCH) undertaken by Department of Family Welfare has an ISM component i.e. Vanaspati Van Scheme for raising
medicinal plants especially of mother and child health importance. This scheme
aims at providing traditional health care through medicinal plants at the
doorstep of the rural and tribal population of
Q.23 WHAT IS GOVERNMENT OF
Threatened
or endangered or vulnerable medicinal plants species are being attempted to be
protected in various ways. In situ
and Ex situ conservation, development
of Agro-techniques for cultivation of plants of medicinal importance for
commercial use, banning export of endangered species or their extracts or
products made there from and encouraging the farmers for propagation and
cultivation of commercially viable medicinal plants are, some of the very
important steps taken by the Government to preserve the Indian species and to
make these available for sustainable use. Restrictions are imposed for rampant
deforestation and collection of raw materials of medicinal importance from the
wild sources.
Q.24 WHAT ARE THE FUTURE POTENTIAL
PROGRAMS OF DEVELOPMENT OF AYURVEDA?
Medicinal
Plant Board, essential drug list of Ayurveda, National Ayurvedic Hospital,
induction of ISM component in major Allopathic hospitals and setting up
Panchkarma and Kshar sutra therapy units in State level and Central Government
hospitals are some of the prime issues to be instrumental in the propagation of
departmental activities of ISM&H.
Medicinal
Plant Board will take care of conservation and cultivation for sustainable use
of medicinal plants from administrative and technical angles. Department of
ISM&H would be the nodal agency for its operation in interface mainly with
Ministry of Environment and Forests, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of
Bio-technology, Department of Commerce and Ministry of Law.
Q.25
IS THERE ANY REGULATIONS FOR MANUFECTURINT
AYURVEDIC MEDICINE?
Regulation
does exist. Manufacturers have to
receive a prior license from the State Drug Controlling Authority for running
an Ayurvedic Pharmacy. Formulations whether classical or patent proprietary
have to be got cleared from the competent authority before starting commercial
manufacturing.
Q.26
IS THERE ANY CODE OF CONDUCT FOR GOOD MANUFECTURING PRACTICES (GMP) AMONG
AYURVEDIC MANUFACTURERS?
In
the past there was no provision/regulatory binding for ensuring good
manufacturing of Ayurvedic medicines. Imposition of GMP through an amendment in
the current licensing procedures has been implemented w.e.f.
Q.27
WHAT ARE THE WELL-KNOWN INSTITUTINS
/HOSPITALS OF AYURVEDA IN
1.
2.
3.
4.
Appendix 6. Brief History and
Principles of AMI
History: Ayurveda is composed of two words; Ayu (life) and Veda
(science), literally means life sciences and its origin is traced back to the early date of Rig Veda (4500-1600 BC).. Ayu is defined as the combination of physical body, senses, mind,
and spirit. AMI considers a person
healthy only if the physical body, senses, mind and spirit are healthy. The concept of disease management using herbs
and dietary interventions evolved in to a science that formed the basis of the
name Ayurveda around 2500-600 BC.
Susrut (300-400 BC) delineated AMI
into eight distinct specialties which are similar to those in conventional
medicine.
1. Kaya Chikitsa (Medicine), 2. Shalya Tantra (Surgery), 3. Shalakya Tantra (minor surgery, diseases
of the ear, nose, throat and eyes), 4. Bhuta
Vidya (Psychiatry), 5. Kaumarabhritya
(Pediatrics and obstetrics), 6. Agada
Tantra (Toxicology), 7. Rasayana
Tantra (Science promoting health and longevity), 8. Vajeekarana
Tantra (The science of geriatrics, aphrodisiacs and rejuvenation). Three
non-clinical specialties of AMI are: 1. Bhasajya
Kalpana (Pharmacy, pharmaceutical formulations),2. Rasausadhi (Science of formulations of metals and minerals),3.Dravya Guan (Pharmacology: of herbs and
minerals).
Principles of AMI
The physical body contains three biomaterials
called doshas (vata, pitta and kapha) derived from five elements,
earth, water, air fire, and space. The
biomaterials are called doshas because they get vitiated and also
vitiate other components of the body.
Since the three doshas are responsible for maintaining normal
health, they are also called normal tissues (dhatus). Vata has
the major physical attributes of air and space elements, pitta has
predominance of fire and Kapha has the predominance of earth and water
elements. The three doshas may
also be understood as conceptual entities to explain body functions. Kapha may be visualized as basic mass
of the body, Pitta as chemical activity and, Vata as energy pool
and motion in constant interplay with each other. Using this
schema, diseases are the result of imbalance among these doshas. The imbalance
results from unhealthy lifestyles, exposure to various physical, chemical and
biological agents, unhealthy diets, overexertion from physical or mental
activities, or a combination of these factors.
Management of illness basically consists
of elimination of the causative factor for the imbalance, administration of
various remedies and dietary interventions to bring doshas back into balance, elimination of serious worries, and
nurturing the soul to regain spiritual health.
Ayurvedic diagnostic methods developed several thousand years ago are
still used today with effectiveness and confirmed by conventional laboratory
diagnostic methods.
AMI differs from conventional
medicine basically in the following aspects. 1.
It uses herbs, mineral preparations, herbal formulas, herbo-mineral
formulas, Yoga, meditation, spiritual counseling and dietary and life style
interventions. 2. It does not utilize
synthetic drugs or antibiotics. It
differs from Chinese medicine with respect to the concept of disease
development. It has three doshas concept of diseases while the
Chinese have only two factors. Its
single herbs, herbal text formulas, metallic and mineral formulas, and
diagnostic methods are different than Chinese medicine. It is also different from Homeopathic
medicine with respect to disease concept (similar cures similar), treatment
concept (only symptoms are treated and not the patho0logy). Homeopathic daily
doses of remedies are in 10 -12 gm to 10-30 gm
amounts. These dose levels given in
water as a vehicle are much lower than many chemicals, elements, and minerals
present in public water supply that may also have some effect based on
homeopathic belief.
Appendix7. Sources of
Theoretical and Scientific knowledge of AMI
Following Ayurvedic Texts are the chief
sources of information. Texts considered
the basic treatises in AMI called Senior Triad.
The first is Charak Samhita
(100-400 AD) which deals with medicine. It has description of 200 diseases and
150 pathological conditions which compare well with the current knowledge, the
second is Susrut Samhita (300-400 that describes surgical procedures, and the
third is Ashtang Hridaya Samhita (700
AD) which is a concise version of Charak
Samhita and Susrut Samhita. The
second set of books are known as the Junior Triad and includes Madhav Nidan Samhita (1200 AD) which
dealt with diagnosis of diseases, Sarangdhar
Samhita (1400 AD) and Bhava Praksh Samhita (1500 AD) which
dealt with Materia Medica. In addition, there are three other equally
important books: Kahyap Samhita which dealt with pediatrics and obstetrics, Dravyagun Samagraha dealt with medicinal
plants and metals, and Raj Nighantu
which also dealt with medicinal plants.
All these books are available in English translation and used as text
books in ayurvedic Schools in
In recent
years, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India (The
Controller of Publications, Civil Lines, Delhi-110054,
1. The Ayurvedic Formulary of
2. The
Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India has
included 326 Ayurvedic plants out of over 1000 ayurvedic herbs cited in the
Text books with botanical names and identification criteria, standards for the
parts of the plant used, physical tests and determinations, quantitative data
for vegetable drugs, limits for arsenic, chlorides, heavy metals, mercury,
iron, lead, sulfated ash, and sulfates present in the drugs with complete
official testing methods
3. Treatise on Indian Medicinal Plants by Chatterjee, A., Pakrashi, S.C (1991) is a
five volume, 180 to 325 page/volume treatise.
This book has over 800 medicinal
plants discussed in Senior and Junior triads.
There have been many scientific studies and clinical trials conducted on
ayurvedic therapies during the last 50 years.
Much of this work has been
summarized in a recent book, Scientific Basis of Ayurvedic Therapies,
Mishra L.C. Editor, CRC Press
4. Compendium
of Indian Medicinal Plants by Ram Rastogi and B.N. Mehrotra. ( Vol 1. 1960-69)
(Vol. 2. 1970-79) (Vol. 3. 1980- 84) (Vol. 4. 1985-89) (Vol. 5, 1990-94) (518
to 1016 pages per volume)
Appendix 8.
AMI Research
There are research councils and research institutes functioning throughout the country conducting research on different aspects of AMI. The Government of India established a research council, The Central Council for Research in Indian Medicine, Homoeopathy & Yoga (CCRIMH) in 1971, which was subsequently modified into four independent councils in 1978. The Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha (CCRAS) is the premium body for the formation, coordination, development and promotion of scientific research in the Ayurveda and Siddha Systems of Medicine. The Council had 89 field units under it and they have been re-organized into 30 Institutes/Units including Headquarters Office (Appendix 4). It has taken up the Research activities in various fields considered by the council can be broadly categorized into:
Clinical research: It encompasses clinical trials and surveillance programs, community health programs and tribal health programs
Drug research: It encompasses Medico-Botanical Survey, and Cultivation of Medicinal plants, pharmacognosy studies and phytochemical profiling of plants used in AMI, Plant Tissue Culture, Pharmacological and toxicological studies and drug standardization. It also has a breeding program for Musk Deer, which is the source of well-known drug Kasturi.
Literary research: It encompasses
publication of Rare and Classical manuscripts of Ayurveda and Siddha, publication of monographs on the basis of the studies undertaken
by the Council, publication of scientific Journal/Bulletin, publication of
activities of the Council in the form of Newsletter, publication of pamphlets
on research findings and preparation of
video-films on various research achievements.
Family Welfare Research: It encompasses research on family welfare such as anti-fertility studies
Besides CRAS, research activities are carried out in other Postgraduate Institutes as part of MD dissertation and Ph.D. Thesis. Research studies on Ayurvedic drugs and therapies are carried out throughout the country in many conventional medical colleges giving MBBS (= MD) degree. However, some institutes have done important research work on Ayurvedic herbs. The major institutes conducting research on Ayurvedic plants are:
1. Seth GS Medical College, Mumbai,
2. Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI- Lucknow),
3.
Regional Research Laboratory (
4.
5. Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP- Lucknow),
6. National Botanical Research Institute (NBRI- Lucknow),
7.
Pharmacology Departments attached to
8.
KG Medical college
9.
10. Himalaya Drug Company,
11. Zandu Research foundation
(Appendix 4: Regional Research Institutes, Appendix 5: Post Graduate Study Centers)
Appendix 9. AMI Education and Training in
the
Education in the
Since AMI is
not regulated in US, educational standards are also not regulated. There is no Board to examine the students to
assure minimum standard knowledge base.
To say the least, Ayurvedic education in the
An internet
search revealed that there are at least 22 such schools currently operating in
the
Education in
At present, more than 190 undergraduate Ayurvedic colleges
in India offer a BAMS degree (Bachelor of Ayurvedic Medicine and Surgery)
program of 4 ½ years duration and one year of internship meeting the standards
of the Central Council of Indian Medicine which is a statutory body that
regulates the ISM education in the country (Appendix 7. ahttp://www.ccimindia.org/curriculum_ayurveda_1_6.htm) Minimum standard for admission is two years
of college in physics chemistry and biology group, a requirement similar for
the admission to M.B.B.S. degree program, a counterpart to US MD degree. In
fact in many states there is a common entrance test to admit candidates to
either course. The Department of ISM,
has prepared a course material containing basic concepts and fundamentals of
ISM&H for incorporation in MBBS (e.g., MD in US) curricula, the
conventional medicine education. This has been forwarded to Medical Council of
India for appropriate action .which regulates education and practice of AMI in
the country is initiating steps to revise the curriculum to suit the present
day requirement by placing emphasis on science oriented teaching.
Postgraduate Education
The Post Graduate Education is available in over 30 research institutes and offer specialization in 16 clinical and preclinical Ayurvedic specialty areas such as medicine, surgery, pediatrics, pharmacology, pathology, pharmacy, Rasa Vigyan and others. Besides the mainstream institutes there is The Government of Indias National Academy of Ayurveda which was established to impart intensive training in different specialties for graduates and post graduates of AMI under the guidance of eminent scholars similar to the earlier custom known as Guru Shishya Parampara. The prominent post graduate institutions are listed here.
1.
a.. Shri
Gulabkunverba Mahavidyalaya funded by the
b.
c.. Institute of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plant Sciences,
d..
e. Mahrishi Patanjali Institute for Yoga and Naturopathy Education and Research.
2.
3. National Institute of Ayurveda, Jaipur, Rajasthan
Appendix 10. AMI drug regulation in India
There is a Drug Control Group in the Department of Indian system of Medicine (ISM). It deals with various issues pertaining to quality control, import, export, FIPB Cases, classification of drugs under Drugs and Cosmetics Act, Patent related issues and establishment of Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL). It monitors and co-ordinates implementation of legislation relating to drugs of ISM & H. The agency may be a good source for information on matters related to regulations.
AMI is
covered by the Drugs and Cosmetic Act (1940) and rules (1945) of the country
and the manufacturer is expected to comply with the rules delineated under this
Act. In 1960 Chapter-IV and other related chapters were added. Chapter IV deals with Manufacture,
1. Medicine and Toiletry Preparation Act,
2. Magic Remedies and Objectionable Advertisement Act,
3. Poisons Act,
4. Weights and measurement Act,
5. Shops and Establishment Act
6.. Dangerous Drugs (Psychotropic and Narcotic Substances)
7. Patents Act and in future Bio-diversity Act (which is in the offing).
Three types
of agencies are involved in the administration of the Acts and Rules mentioned
above. There are Drugs Technical Advisory Boards and Drugs Consultative
Committees, which act as Advisory bodies. Drug Testing Laboratories provide
support by shouldering the analytical responsibilities and licensing and
controlling authorities function as the executive wing. The Technical Advisory Board and the Drugs
Consultative Committee have been set up to advice the Government on matters
relating to ISM drugs. The Drug
controller General of India is in charge of licensing and enforcing of the
above Acts and rules. At the state level there are Drug controllers or Food and
Drugs Administration Commissioners who shoulder this responsibility. The drugs
manufactured in Ayurvedic sector are also under their controlling authority. In
some states like Kerala, there are officers trained in AMI who provide
technical assistance to the enforcing authorities.
Appendix 11.
Manufacturing of AMI Drugs in
There are more than 8500 manufacturers of Ayurvedic formulas in the country. Ten firms have a turn over of Rs. 50 crores (US $ 5 million) annually. Twenty five firms have an annual turn over between Rs. 5-50 crores (US $1 to 10 million ), 965 firm have a turn over between Rs. 1-5 crores (less than US $ 1 million) and the remaining are very small firms with an annual turn over of less than Rs.1 crore. The market share of Ayurvedic drugs is around Rs. 3,5000 million (US $ 700 million).
At present there are more than 8000 licensed pharmacies manufacturing Ayurvedic drugs in the country. There is a Mumbai based Ayurvedic Drug Manufacturers Association which can be contacted for further details about issues related to Ayurvedic drug manufacturing.
Manufacturing of Ayurvedic drugs except in accordance with the prescribed standards is prohibited. It is essential to obtain a license from the licensing authority to manufacture Ayurvedic drugs. Separate licensing is required for each of the manufacturing premises maintained by the manufacturer. Manufacturing activity can also be undertaken through a loan license. For drug manufacturing it is necessary to maintain a certain level of hygiene and optimum manufacturing conditions. These conditions are specified in the Schedule-T of the Act (mentioned under the Schedule to the rules). On 23rd June 2000 an amendment was made in the above act to specify Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) for Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani drugs. It is notified to ensure that raw materials used in the manufacture of drugs are authentic, of prescribed quality and are free from contamination, 2) drugs are manufactured according to standard conditions, 3) that adequate quality control measures are adopted and 4) the manufactured preparations released in to the market are of acceptable quality.
Indian
System of Medicine Manufacturing Industry is in the process of a technical up
grade to comply with GMP norms prescribed by The Government of India. To
achieve the objectives listed above, each licensee is expected to evolve
methodology and procedures for following the prescribed process of manufacture
of drugs, which should be documented as a manual and kept for reference and
inspection. However, teaching institutions and registered qualified Vaidyas,
Siddhas and Hakeems who prepare medicines on their own to dispense to their
patients and not selling such drugs in the market are exempted from the purview
of this practice. There are two parts in it. Part-I contains specification
regarding the maintenance of factory premises and Part- II contains the list of
machinery, equipment and minimum manufacturing premises required.
For the
implementation of drug testing provisions under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act,
1940 and Rules 1945 it is necessary to evolve Pharmacopoeia standards. At
present Pharmacopoeia standards are available for 258 Ayurvedic herbs. Standards for 654 Text formulations have been
published in the Ayurvedic Formulary of
Appendix 12: Regional Research Institutes (RRI) under Central Council for Research in
Ayurveda and Siddha (CCRAS), 61-65, Institutional Area, Opp. D-Block, New
Delhi- 110058, Ph: 011-5528748/5536520/5624457 (O), 5614971 (R)
RRIs Addresses:
1. Road
No. 66, Punjabi Bagh,
2.
1.
4, CN Block,
Sector V, Bidhan Nagar,
2.
RCRI,
3.
Cheruthuruthy,
Via. Shoranur, Trichur, Kerala 679531
Ph/fax: 0488-462366, 462543 (O), 462544 (H), 622175 (R)
4.
No. 1,
5.
6.
7.
474/6,
8.
Indira Colony,
Jhotwara,
9.
1044-Jagnada
Chowk,
10. Govt. Central Pharmacy Annexe, Ashoka Pillar, Jayanagar,
11. Poojapura,
12. Indira Gandhi Municipal Stadium Complex A, First Floor, North
Wing,
13. Govt. Pharmacy (Upstairs), Indira Nagar, Gorimedu,
14. D Block, Rajindra Memorial Res. Institute Bldg., Agam Kuan,
15. Borsojai (Bhetapara), Beltola, Guwahati 781 028,
16. Tadung,
17. New Itanagar 791 111 (Arunachal Pradesh), Ph/fax: 0361-212284,
211498 (O), 212520 (R).
18. 20, Rewari Chowk,
19. Gandhi Bhawan, Mandi 175 001 (HP), Ph/fax:01905-35236.
20. Tarikhet 263663 (Uttaranchal), Ph/fax: 05966-64227, 64222(R).
21.
22. Tajmanzil, Sardar Bagh, Junagadh 362 001, Ph/fax: 0285-631631.
23.
24. Indian Institute of History of Medicine, Osmania Medical College
Buildgs, Putlibowli,
25. CSMDRIA,
26. Dr. A. Laksmipati Research, Centre for Ayurveda, VHS Medical
Centre, Adyar, Chennai 600 113, Ph: 044-2541537.
27. Regional Research Institute (Ay), Hastinapur- 250 404, Ph/fax:
95123380176, 95123380338 (R).
28.CCRAS Main Office, #61-65, Institutional Area, Opp. D. Block, New Delhi-110058, Ph:5528748/5624457
Further
detail can be obtained from the Councils Head quarters:Address : Jawahar Lal Nehru Bhartiya Chikitsa Avum Homeopathy Anusandhan
Bhavan, No. 61-65, Institutional Area, Opp. 'D' Block, Janakpuri, New Delhi -
110058 ( India )Tel : 91-011-5614970 / 71 / 72 Fax : 91-011-5528748E-mail: ccras@ndf.vsnl.net.in or ccras@del6.vsnl.net.in
Appendix 13.
Post graduate study centers
1. Central Drug Research Institute,
.2. Dabur
Research Foundation- 22, Site IV, Sahibabad,
3. Himalaya Drug Company, Research and Development Centre, Makali, Bangalore-563 123
4.
5.
University,
Post Box no 4,
6. National Institute of Ayurveda, Madhav Vilas Palace, Ajmer Road, Jaipur- 302 002
7. National
Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector-67, SAS-
Nagar, Mohali,
8. National Botanical Research Institute (NBRI- Lucknow), Rana Pratap Marg Lucknow- 226 001
9.
10. Regional Research Laboratory, Canal Road, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir-181 001
11.
12. Swami Prakashananda Ayurveda Research Centre (SPARC)- 13th N A S. Road, Mittal Nagar, JBPD-Scheme, Juhu, Mumbai- 400 049.
13.
14. Zandu Research foundation attached to Zandu Pharmaceutical Works Ltd., 70,Gokhale Road South (Dadar), Mumbai- 400 025.
Appendix 14. Confirmation of effectiveness of AMI in diseases by CCRAS clinical trials
1. Anal fistula
2. Asthma
3. Diabetes
4. Epilepsy
5. Hemorrhoids
6. Filariasis,
7. Heart disease
8. Hypertension
9. Malaria
10. Hemiplegia
11. Myopia
12. Obesity
13. Paraplegia
14. Peptic ulcer
15. Psoriasis
16. Osteo-arthritis
17. Rheumatoid arthritis
18. Schizophrenia
19. Urolithiasis.
Appendix 15. AMI
drugs known to have confirmed therapeutic effects
Disease/symptoms Herb Popular name
1. Edema Achyranthes aspera Linn. Apamarga
2. Mental distress Acorus calamus Linn. Vacha
3. Bronchiolar constriction Adhatoda zeylanica Medic. Vasa
4. Intestinal worms Butea
monosperma (Lam Palasha
5. Arthritis, inflammation & Commiphora
mukul, Wightii Guggul
6. High cholesterol Commiphora
mukul, Wightii Guggul
7. Bone
fracture Cissus quadrangularis Linn. Vajravalli
8. Malaria Alstonia scholaris R. Br. Saptaparna
9. Liver disorders Andrographis paniculata Nees Bhunimba
10.Cardiac disorders Artemisia vulgaris Linn. Nimba
Terminalia arjuna Arjuna
11. Bacterial or virus Azadirachta Indica A. Juss Nimba
12. Memory problem Bacopa monnieri (Linn.) Pennell Brahmi
13. Inflammation & Boerhaavia diffusa Punarnava
15. Severe constipation Cassia angustifolia Vahl. Rechani
16. Muscle spasm Cedrus deodara (Roxb.). Devadaaru
17. Memory problem Celastrus paniculatus Willd. Jyotishmati
18. Nerve weakness Centella asiatica (Linn.) Urban. Mandukaparni
19. Malaria and fevers Caesalpinia crista Linn. Natakaranja
20 Inflammation Curcuma longa Linn. Haridraa
21.
Diabetes Eugenia jambolana Lam. Jamboo
22. Dysentery Holarrhena antidysenterica Wall. Kutaja
23. Convulsions Masilea minuta Linn. Sunisannak
24. Liver toxicity
Picrorhiza
kurroa Royle. Kutuka
25. Mild constipation Plantago ovata Forsk Ishadgola
26. Skin white spot Psoralea corylifolia Linn. akuchi
27. Low breast milk Pueraria tuberosa DC. Vidarikanda
28. Low muscle mass Sida rhombifolia Linn. Mahabala
29. Fever Swertia
chirata Buch.-Ham. Kairata
30. Ischemic Heart weakness Terminalia arjuna W. and A. Arjuna
31. Mental distress, Withania somnifera Dunal Ashwagandha
exhaustion, and inflammation